Regulatory role of some protein kinases in signal transduction pathways in heart health and disease

Various protein kinases including kinase A (PKA), Ca2+-calmodulin (CaMK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), C (PKC) and mitogen-activated (MAPK: ERK1/2, p38-MAPK JNK) are integral part of different signal transduction pathways, which known to regulate cardiac structure, function metabolism. In addition, these transducing proteins involved in the regulation cation transport, cellular growth, gene expression, apoptosis fibrosis by modifying target sites subcellular organelles myocardium. However, information regarding molecules is scattered mechanisms their involvement diverse regulatory processes poorly understood. While PKA, CaMK, PI3K PKC activated hormones mechanical stimuli, MAPKs growth factors some stresses such as oxidative stress, inflammation Ca2+-overload. Each type expressed form two or more isozymes showing biochemical characteristics distinct biological functions. It has been demonstrated that all specific isoforms produce both beneficial detrimental effects on heart, dependent upon intensity duration stimulus for activation. CaMK mainly augmenting well inducing hypertrophy arrhythmias, maintaining b-adrenoceptor arrhythmias. On other hand, ERK1/2 participate genesis cytoprotection whereas JNK primarily dysfunction, fibrosis. Since activities most increased under prolonged pathological conditions, a wide variety inhibitors have shown effects. extensive research needs be carried out understand pathophysiology each development isoform-specific inhibitors.